In the 1980s members of Mexican American Republicans of Texas such as Secretary of Education Lauro Cavazos gained prominence, as did LULAC. In 1971 they organized the Conferencia de Mujeres por la Raza in Houston, attended by more than 600 women from twenty-three states. Mutual-aid societies, many of which grew out of village organizations, were among the earliest institutions established by Italian immigrants. One of the few women to head a mutualista of both sexes was Luisa M. Gonzlez, president of the San Antonio chapter of the Arizona-based Alianza Hispano-Americana. c. Tony Kushner The Mutual Aid Societies Richard Goodman discusses how and why Mexican Americans formed mutual aid societies. After seeing swaths of new mutual aid . d. decrease in poverty for those over age 65. CALACS facilitates networking and information exchange among persons, in Canada and abroad, engaged in teaching and research on Latin America and the Caribbean. f(x)=2(x4)26. Alonso Perales pointedly questioned the War Department as to why 50 to 75 percent of all South Texas casualties were Mexican Texans, although they constituted only 500,000 of the state's 6,000,000 population. LULAC reached its peak on the late 1930s. Canadian Polish Mutual Aid Society, Branch V. 514-761-5233. ANMA espoused reformist goals, such as "first-class citizenship" for Americans of all racial backgrounds, but members viewed integration into the national economy with skepticism, wary of the labor and Cold War policies of the Truman administration, particularly in Latin America. In addition, a new generation of leaders matured after World War I. mutualistas or mutual aid societies, Mexican American labor unions, and civil rights organizations. Chris Garcia; Mutual Aid for Survival: The Case of the Mexican American. Gordon-Nembhard said she believes mutual aid is part of the history of all communities but especially of communities of color that face obstacles accessing resources. f(x)=2(x4)26f(x)=2(x-4)^2-6 Mutual aid extends to Latino communities dating back to the late 19th and early 20th century Mexican American societies called Sociedades Mutualistas. Many Mexican Texans who had volunteered for the Great Society- principally Lulackers and members of the G.I. . Days after Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti announced that the city was going into lockdown in March of 2020, Nolasco and Diaz noticed an influx of online fundraisers for front of the house restaurant and bar staff servers and bartenders. Participants established La Gran Liga Mexicanista (the Great Mexican League) and the Liga Femenil Mexicanista (Female Mexican League) to implement the recommendations. At the same time, the organization insisted that its members were Caucasian so as to combat the discriminatory label "non-White," which several federal agencies applied to Mexican Americans. b. they lived in segregated neighborhoods. b. a resurgence of European immigration to America. African Americans' goal of achieving higher education received a substantial boost when the Supreme Court ruled in 2003 that. Today, many services provided by mutual aid societies have been assimilated into private and public institutions such as insurance companies and social welfare services. Every dollar helps. They sold "Los Vendors" beer at Brewjera with some of the proceeds going to The Street Vendor Emergency Fund. a. Which of the following was not among the notable ethnic and African writers of the period since the 1980s? Esther N. Machuca organized Ladies LULAC chapters throughout the state and recruited independent-minded women such as Alice Dickerson Montemayor, who served as a LULAC officer in the late 1930s. Were used to not getting the support we need from government structures, so weve learned how to be resilient and build these networks for survival.. Having just fought the Nazis in the name of "liberty and justice for all," the returning servicemen were particularly well qualified to challenge what LULAC called "Wounds for which there is No Purple Heart." Required: Julie Leininger Pycior, They provided sickness and burial insurance, loans, legal aid, social and cultural activities, libraries, classes, leadership opportunities, and safe quarters for barrio events. Over the years Mexican Americans have expressed their concerns through a number of organizations. Some had participated in mutualistas, others not, but most by 1930 supported new organizations such as the League of United Latin American Citizens, which limited membership to United States citizens and stressed the rights and duties of citizenship. The organization not only provided health and death benefits, but supported nascent labor organizing on the part of Mexican-American mineworkers. Few are aware of their deep roots in communities of color, where such networks have been built for centuries. With some reorganization, solid analysis, and substantial elaboration, this work could have become a milestone text on Mexican American mutual aid societies. In 1918, several mutualistas formed in East Los Angeles to help Mexican immigrants find housing, employment, health care and build community, according to "Mutual Aid Societies in the Hispanic Southwest, a research reportby Jos A. Rivera, Ph.D, research scholar at the University of New Mexico. Audio recordings including interviews, music, and informational programs related to the Mexican American community and their concerns in the series "The Mexican American Experience" and "A esta hora conversamos" from the Longhorn Radio Network, 1976-1982. Confronted with this anomaly and influenced by White women criticizing sexism within the anti-war movement, such Mexican Americans as journalist Sylvia Gonzlez of San Antonio began to support feminist concerns. The OLLU Center for Mexican American Studies and Research (CMASR) is dedicated to drawing on our expertise as a Hispanic Serving Institution. What event beginning in 1910 led to an increase in immigration from Mexico to the United States? But because Anglo-owned insurance companies discriminated against them, they turned to each other and formed mutual aid societies. Agrupacin official Emilio Flores testified in 1915 to a federal commission on numerous cases of physical punishment, including murder, by agricultural employers in Central and South Texas. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. "That's just how we were raised, to never forget where we're from and make sure that our family's taken care of and to help others," Nolasco said. b. Toni Morrison While ANMA, like other left-wing organizations, disappeared in the 1950s, Hispanic and Black civil-rights groups made headway in court cases. Others had elitist membership restrictions. b. era of the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920. b. the contributions made by the elderly during their working lives. c. twenty. The American Council of Spanish Speaking People, founded by Dr. George I. Snchez in 1951, also aided these legal efforts. e. a loss of national cohesion and appreciation of shared American values. This article relating to the history of the United States is a stub. These organizations, begun in the barrios, now comprised members from all races and have become an important political force in Texas politics as well as a model for community organizing across the nation. Mexican Americans were among the first fired as even menial jobs became scarce and attractive to Anglos. c. 25 League activists and, especially, veterans of the Great War initiated organizations focusing on civil rights. Which of the following was a result of the Spanish American War? Carl Allsup, The American G.I. Veterans wanted Texas to become more integrated into the national society. Which of the following was a primary cause of Italian immigration to the United States between 1880 and 1920? e. The Mexican government actively discouraged Mexicans from taking U.S. citizenship. Tables. Fully integrated into the armed forces, risking their lives for their nation, they would come home on leave, in uniform, only to be discriminated against as "Mexicans." Mutual aid is the extension of all the community organizing work women of color have always done to keep peoples families fed, to keep clothes on everyones back, she said. Marie in 1915) was open to all people of Italian heritage. The Mexican American Youth Organization, formed by San Antonio college students, helped inspire high school boycotts throughout the state to demand inclusion of Mexican-American history in the curriculum, hiring of Hispanic teachers, and an end to discrimination. They faced the challenge and seized the opportunity, taking up where the veterans of the First World War left off. a. they were so thinly scattered across the country. In 1911 mutualist members, journalists, labor organizers, and women's leaders met at the Congreso Mexicanista (Mexican Congress), convened by publisher Nicasio Idar of Laredo to organize against the discrimination faced by Texas-Mexicans. a. Amy Tan The few all-female mutualistas were outnumbered by the female auxiliaries. Mutual aid societies (Tejanos sociedades mutualistas) were established by Tejanos during the 1870s when many people felt a need for such societies. In 1954 attorney Gustavo C. Garca, supported by LULAC and forum funds and legal assistance, persuaded the United States Supreme Court to rule unanimously that Mexican-Texans had been discriminated against as a "class apart." In the mid-1960s President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society was delivering federal programs and appointments to an extent previously unimaginable. e. racially oriented African American Studies programs were legal. However, beyond losing dominance, Mexican-Americans were targets of groups. At the same time, they were influenced by such radical groups as Students for a Democratic Society and Stokely Carmichael's Black power movement, with their confrontational tactics. Groups like the League advocated a full integration into the United States, a respect for capitalism, and an embracing of the principles of American-style democracy. Some Mexican and African Americans had joined the Communist party in the 1930s when it espoused racial and economic equality and adopted a reformist popular-front strategy. Which number represents the typical annual pay for factory workers in the nineteenth century? d. aftermath of World War II, 1945-1955. b. c. of their large numbers and geographic concentration. Mara Hernndez, who formed Orden Caballeros de America with her husband Pedro in 1929, later worked on educational desegregation and supported the Raza Unida Party. Today, the mutualista spirit is alive and well as individuals and businesses find creative ways to help people who have suffered from hardships especially during the pandemic. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. Like other leftist organizations, the Raza Unida Party fell victim to internal dissention, lack of funds, portrayal as extremist by the press, and harassment by law-enforcement agencies. d. private employers' pension funds. The organization itself provided financial assistance while individual members offered food and other support for member-families in need. Women increasingly surpassing men in the workforce, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, Service Management: Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology, Chapter 27: Hemoglobinopathies & Chapter 28:, Customer Service Chapter 1 Sections 1.2 and 1. Part of my work is to remind African Americans that mutual aid is part of their history, too.. We'll send you a couple of emails per month, filled with fascinating history facts that you can share with your friends. By the early twenty-first century, evidence of the growing numbers and influence of the Latino population in the U.S. could be seen in all of the following ways except At the same time former farmworker organizer Ernie Corts, Jr. used the community-organizing tactics of Saul Alinsky's Industrial Areas Foundation to establish a number of parish-based neighborhood organizations, including Communities Organized for Public Service (COPS) in San Antonio, Valley Interfaith, and El Paso Interreligious Sponsoring Organization, which lobby public officials for educational, health, labor, and other reforms. c. priming. The Chicano movement was on the wane, however, by the late 1970s. Handbook of Texas Online, Many of the charter ANMA members were women, including the vice president, Isabel Gonzlez. Search for other works by this author on: Hispanic American Historical Review (1984) 64 (1): 205. They opened schools to counter poor education offered in Latinx neighborhoods, provided medical and life insurance and fought for civil rights.Today the mutualista spirit is alive and well as individuals and businesses find creative ways to help people who have suffered from financial hardship, illness, death of a loved one and ongoing food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic. d. an end to the boom-and-bust capitalist business cycle. Mutual aid and co-ops are a way for groups that have faced discrimination to have some level of economic stability, Gordon-Nembhard said. Women increasingly surpassing men in the workforce The first order of business was to answer the needs of the undocumented to teach workers how to organize, how to do what was mutually necessary for them, and it was done under the obligation of mutual aid: the one that knows, teaches the other one," Alatorre said in Pycior's book. c. more men took on traditional female household chores. Today, the Monroe County Area Mutual Aid has 6,000 members who help each other access food and other necessities. Mexican American Mutual Aid Societies. By the 1920s individual mutualistas operated in nearly every barrio in the United States; about a dozen were in Corpus Christi, ten in El Paso, and over twenty in San Antonio, where nine formed an alliance in 1926. It also organized lodges in Mexico and allied itself with the National Fraternal Congress, the largest organization for mutual-aid societies in the country. Multiple city and state safety oversight committees were formed. judging whether demand for each of the following products e. sharply divided immigrant groups between those favoring and those opposing it. Forum brought suits that resulted in 1948 and 1957 rulings outlawing segregation of Mexican-American schoolchildren, although the school districts were slow to comply. Julie Leininger Pycior, Labor organizations often were mutualist in format, such as the Sociedad Mutua de Panaderos (bakers) of San Antonio. The mutual aid society paid a death benefit, disability benefits, or medical benefits, and provided its funds to its members as needed. d. a successful effort to block the flow of immigrants to America's shores. e. the heaviest influx of immigrants in America's experience. c. the experience of immigrants in America. Edward Roybal served his constituents as California's first Latino in Congress for 30 years, yet it was his work as a Los Angeles City Councilman that not only laid the foundation for his national career but also speaks to a number of issues affecting Angelenos today. At the same time, however, mutualistas also resembled African-American mutual aid societies in that many members were native Texans who sought refuge from discrimination and economic deprivation. One dramatic trend regarding American poverty that occurred in the 1990s and 2000 was a This entry belongs to the following Handbook Special Projects: Mexican Americans in Texas History, Selected Essays. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. And food insecurity in Los Angeles isn't going away, Nolasco said, and neither is No Us Without You LA. Which was not a result of the development of the railroads during the Second American Industrial Revolution? They founded their own organizations, such as the National Chicana Political Caucus, and their lobbying bore fruit in 1984 when "Voces de la Mujer" ("Women's Voices") was the theme of the National Association for Chicano Studies. Sociologist and civil rights leader W.E.B. That allowed many of her cousins to start their own businesses. Though lack of funds and regional divisions led to its demise in 1959, it presaged the Southwest Council of La Raza of the late 1960s and the National Council of La Raza, which actively lobbies on Mexican-American issues today. Also mentioned as having some ties in Latin America is the Club Sembradores de Amistad. b. decrease in poverty for children. Within a year only a handful of organizations still existed, mere shadows of their former selves. The leading painting movement in the immediate post-World War II period was Having risked their lives for their nation and for the Lone Star State, they resolved to exercise their rights as citizens. One of the most famous examples of mutual aid are the Black Panther Survival Programs from the late 1960s, through which members distributed shoes, transported elders to grocery stores, offered breakfasts and more. Most mutualista groups were male, although many of the larger organizations established female auxiliaries. a. If you're a life-long Texan, you many have heard of a mutualistas. We'll send you a couple of emails per month, filled with fascinating history facts that you can share with your friends. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, American fiction reflected b. more than 30 d. political themes and social commentary. a. employers offered paternity leave in addition to maternity leave. In terms of immigration patterns, the period from the 1980s to 2004 has witnessed Address 206 Beverley St, Toronto, ON M5T 1Z3 Tel ephone Phone: 416-532-2876 Fax: 416-532-5730. Two of the societies, the Independent Order of Saint Luke and the United Order of True Reformers, were all-black. Mexican mutualistas served as important models for the first tejano groups. c. pleased almost no one and failed to pass Congress. The networks themselves are not formal organizations, Domnguez explains, and many people in them dont even refer to them as mutual aid. a. the divorce rate had increased. e. less than 5. Mutual aid extends to Latino communities dating back to the late 19th and early 20th century Mexican American societies called Sociedades Mutualistas. Some mutualistas, however, were also trade unions. The Benson Latin American Collection, DIIA | 2009 Forgetting is famously what Los Angeles does best. In addition to being a participant-observer, he also interviewed across the Southwest participants in these organizations, community people, and scholars who have done research in the area. Forum Women's Auxiliary expanded their activities, often spearheading the establishment of new chapters. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. Your donation supports our high-quality, inspiring and commercial-free programming. Center for Mexican American Studies | d. artistic, intellectual, and religious outlets for the immigrant community. They fostered sentiments of unity, mutual protection, and volunteerism. Polska Farma. Which policy helped U.S. producers find markets for their goods overseas? e. Raymond Carver, Which of the following was not among prominent American playwrights or musical theater creators in the late twentieth century? b. the United Farm Workers' success in improving working conditions for the mostly Chicano laborers. Mutualistas were community-based mutual aid societies created by Mexican immigrants in the late 19th century United States. Critics of multiculturalism in American education charged that too much of it would lead to In 1921 the Orden Hijos de America (Order of Sons of America) pledged to use "influence in all fields of social, economic, and political action in order to realize the greatest enjoyment possible of all the rights and privilegesextended by the American Constitution." Indeed, the issue that put the forum on the map was introduced in 1949 by Sara Moreno, the president of a forum-sponsored club for young women. Still other mutualistas focused on civil rights. What do J.P. Morgan's actions during the Civil War suggest about him? These mutual aid societies were part of a long tradition in Mexico, and found their way into Texas in the late 1800s. The military mobilization for World War II, however, decimated the LULAC ranks. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 attempted to b. companies increasingly acknowledged shared obligations of two-worker households. Cuban and Spanish cigar workers and Hispanic miners also created mutual aid networks in the early 1900s. c. El Salvador. In that war Mexican Americans garnered the most Medals of Honor (seventeen), and Mexican-American overrepresentation in combat has continued to this day. In October 1967 radicals and disenchanted moderates convened a Raza Unida conference in El Paso, the site also of a White House-sponsored conference. Italian-American mutual aid societies were referred to as Societa di Mutuo Soccorso and Mexican-American societies were called Sociedades Mutualistas. At the same time, women in Ladies LULAC and the American G.I. When Nguyens parents came to the U.S., they relied on mutual aid groups that help immigrants find jobs or English lessons. e. penalize employers for hiring illegal immigrants. c. Almost all Mexican immigrants remained migrant farm laborers unable to settle down in cities. The Immigration Quota Laws of 1924 had what impact on immigration to the United States? By the end of 1948 the forum had chapters throughout South Texas; within a decade, throughout the Southwest and Midwest. d. It was often considered a badge of dishonor to adopt American citizenship. Some mutualistas became politically active in the American Civil Rights Movement. Rodolfo Acua, Occupied America: A History of Chicanos (2d ed., New York: Harper and Row, 1981). In 1917 one of the six labor mutualistas in San Antonio, Sociedad Morelos Mutua de Panaderos, staged a strike. This growth continued into the 1920s, when Corpus Christi had between ten and fifteen groups, Robstown four, and El Paso ten. Although AHA ended most of its operations in the mid-1960s, a staff of two . More successful were protective leagues, which advised farmworkers throughout South Texas of their rights and lobbied for stronger laws to safeguard sharecroppers' rights. While the inner-workings of the societies were often secret, they did create very strong bonds of community and loyalty. Close Video. Some are official monuments. b. the number of single-parent households had risen. the process of integrating into the society of a new country. Although the author states that the book is most useful for students interested in tracing the political role of voluntary associations in America (p. vii) and that the book examines the political aspects of Chicano mutualist organizations (p. vii), this is not borne out by the main body of the text. . Signs of progress for African Americans in the early 2000s include all of the following except c. minimalism. c. a decrease in the number of Asian immigrants. a. Eve Ensler Liliana Urrutia, "An Offspring of Discontent: The Asociacin Nacional Mxico-Americana, 19491954," Aztln 15 (Spring 1984). d. about 13 a. came to America primarily in search of jobs and economic opportunity. Arnoldo De Len, Mexican Americans in Texas: A Brief History (Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, 1993). Sometimes people will call her at 3 a.m. asking for the groups help. Of the ten or so Corpus Christi mutualistas, at least one was for women. . The organization proved to be an effective combination of Mexican community roots and United States identity. The involvement of non-Mexican Latin Americans, particularly their membership in La Liga Latina Americana in California, Arizona, and New Mexico, is only briefly treated. e. All of these. Theyre families coming together, swapping phone numbers, bringing food, she said. Oops, this content can't be loadedbecause you're having connectivity problems, - Associated Press - Thursday, January 21, 2021. Use those determinants and your own reasoning in Texas State Historical Association (TSHA). In addition to mutualistas, a number of groups organized against discrimination, despite their limited resources and precarious position in Texas society. Furthermore, with the halt of Mexican immigration came an increased orientation toward United States issues, with LULAC leading the way. a. Cuba. The poll tax was abolished; bilingual education became a reality. Carlos Muoz, Youth, Identity, Power: The Chicano Generation (New York: Verso, 1990). In 1929 the groups formed the League of United Latin American Citizens, or LULAC. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) Where did over a third of Italian immigrants settle in the United States? Since the 1960s, however, many of the mutualista valuesamong them economic cooperation, partnership of Mexicans and Mexican Americans, cultural pride, and bilingualismhave been championed by a new generation of Mexican Americans. Now, their nonprofit feeds 1,673 families a week and has corporate donors to help. These organizations emphasized the rights and duties of citizenship; only United States citizens could join. The Forum organized protest rallies and telegraphed the press and public officials. There the Chicana caucus declared, "At this moment we do not come to work for Chicano studies and the community, but to demand that Chicano studies and the community work for our liberation, too." e. complementary to the interests of the traditional mainstream media. What information does inventory turnover provide? Forum leaders made national headlines and forged a lifelong alliance. Which of the following is not among the reasons that Mexican immigrants were, for a long time, slow to become American citizens? e. an end to efforts to disqualify their votes or keep them from the polls. During the early 20th-century Americanization Movement, Mexicanas/Chicanas were expected to assimilate into American culture and abandon their Mexican heritage. Hope as well as anger energized the "GI" sector of the Mexican American Generation. Texas and Mexican mutualistas corresponded and attended each other's festivities until the demise of the Mexican groups during the Mexican Revolution (191020), at which time the ranks of the Texas mutualistas swelled. Alianza helped striking miners negotiate for better wages and "assumed the function of a working man's union, persuading Mexican-American workers to come forward and challenge the managers of capital for better working conditions and fair wage increases.". Amid the unfolding disaster of COVID-19 have been moments of generosity, whether its people pulling together support for college students whove been tossed out of dorms, or collecting money to help restaurant workers, street vendors and movie theater employees pay for their medicine, groceries and rent. Although the dictator Porfirio Daz banned the Crculo in 1883, it served as a model for the Gran Crculo de Obreros de Auxilios Mutuos of San Antonio, which operated from the 1890s to the 1920s. c. restrict access to welfare and education for illegal immigrants. La Agrupacin Protectiva Mexicana (Mexican Protective Group, 191115) of San Antonio organized protests of lynching and unjust sentencing, as in the case of the famous renegade Gregorio Cortez Lira, a scourge to the Texas Rangers, a folk hero to Texas Mexicans. The New Immigrants of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries Over the years Mexican Americans have expressed their concerns through a number of organizations. b. b retrograde amnesia. Follow Us. Some, such as Club Mexicano Independencia in Santa Barbara, California, were only open to male citizens of Mexico. c. about 23 Lending circles, called hui, are often used to pool money for medicine, houses, cars and burial expenses, Nguyen said. Which of the following was the largest city in the United States in 1900? With the advent of the Great Depression, sociedades mutualistas rapidly declined. Forum, openly endorsed and campaigned for candidates, in hopes of making them accountable to the barrios. Repatriation decimated mutualista ranks and unemployment sapped their treasuries (see MEXICAN AMERICANS AND REPATRIATION). And when new people came after them, my mom was there to guide and support these new people, Nguyen said. Nolasco and Diaz, who are both sons of Mexican immigrants, immediately created No Us Without You LAto feed 30 families. Mexican-American Organizations, e. the melting pot. Almost 500,000 Mexican Texans had migrated to the cities during the war, when manufacturing jobs nearly tripled. While mutual aid societies can be found throughout history in European and Asian societies. e. pay more dollars in federal taxes than they claim in benefits but do often burden local government services. Forum of Texas. b. a renaissance in Native American literature seeking to recover the tribal past and reimagine the present. In Los Angeles, La Sociedad Hispano-Americana de Beneficia Mutua gave out loans, provided social services and sponsored a Cinco de Mayo Parade. Women used their neighborhood connections to raise scholarship funds, register voters, and recruit volunteers for local clinics. e. settled primarily on the East Coast. Sometimes mutualistas were part of larger organizations affiliated with the Mexican government or other national associations. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, when many Mexican Americans still lived in rural areas, life could be very precarious and insurance was a clear necessity. His organization was succeeded by La Liga Protectora Mexicana (the Mexican Protective League) founded by attorney Manuel C. Gonzles. 52 By the 2000s, the traditional nuclear family unit was undergoing severe strain because Venue. 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Pass Congress sector of the following except c. minimalism Mexican-American schoolchildren, although many of following. Their nonprofit feeds 1,673 families a week and has corporate donors to help societies! Menial jobs became scarce and attractive to Anglos, many of the charter ANMA members women. Late twentieth century opportunity, taking up where the veterans of the organizations., 2021 nineteenth century, Youth, identity, Power: the Chicano Movement was on the,... Of integrating into the national society to become more integrated into the national society in 1948 1957! Aid and co-ops are a way for groups that have faced discrimination to have some of. Fascinating history facts that mexican american mutual aid societies can share with your friends de Mujeres por Raza. Represents the typical annual pay for factory workers in the early 20th-century Americanization Movement Mexicanas/Chicanas... Veterans wanted Texas to become American citizens early 20th century Mexican American Republicans Texas.

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