To make matters worse, France demanded that Haiti pay them 150 million francs (about $21 billion today) to compensate former slaveholders for their loss of property during the Haitian Revolution. discrimination on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, religion, sex, national origin, age, ancestry, disability, status as a veteran, sexual orientation, marital status, parental status, gender identity, gender expression, and genetic information in the university's programs and activities. WebA major factor in analyzing the state of Haiti today is its relationship with the United States both now and throughout history. Donald Bloxham, A. Dirk Moses, The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, OXFORD UNIVERSITY press, 2010, p. 310. When the initial revolt began to lose momentum, Jean-Franois and Biassou decided to make a peace offer to the three new French civil commissioners. This approach was enhanced by the fact that Duvalier's only viable opponent, Louis Djoie, was a mulatto and the scion of a prominent family. As the special collections and archives library at the University of Kansas, Spencer is home to remarkable and diverse collections of rare and unique items. French King Charles X agrees to formally recognize Haiti as an independent nation, provided that the country pay 150 The last two decades of the 19th century were also marked by the development of a Haitian intellectual culture. However, it took another century for the Russians to achieve complete liberation. After two rounds of polling, legislators gave Estim the presidency. State. The business community and the government benefited from favorable economic conditions until Hurricane Hazel hit the island in 1954. Consequently, Adams decided to provide aid to LOuverture against his When, inspired by the ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity thrown up by the great French Revolution, the free people of colour who suffered racial discrimination sought equality and the rights of man in 1790, they were brutally crushed and repressed. Standing steadfastly, he fought to end slavery and gain Haitis independence from European powers, France and Spain. Since the weakened central authorities were no longer able to resist the republics striving for independence, one by one they adopted declarations of sovereignty. After 228 years as largely, unsung contributors to American independence, Haitian soldiers who fought in the Revolutionary Wars bloody siege of Savannah had a monument dedicated in their honor. When news of the slave revolt broke out, American leaders rushed to provide support for the whites of St. Domingue. With the economic growth, however, came increasing exploitation of the African slaves who made up the overwhelming majority of the population. Under President Thomas Jeffersons presidency, the United States cut off aid to During this period, the Haitian National Intelligence Service (SIN), which had been set up and financed in the 80s by the Central Intelligence Agency as part of the war on drugs, participated in drug trafficking and political violence.[72]. During the first 20 years after Haitian independence, most other countries traded with Haiti; the U.S. had a short-lived economic boycott between 1806 and 1810, On 29 February 2004, with rebel contingents marching towards Port-au-Prince, Aristide departed from Haiti. Instead, it became the state of Haiti, led by [73] In response to the coup, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 841 imposing international sanctions and an arms embargo on Haiti. Operating under a new constitution that went into effect in November 1946, Estim proposed, but never secured passage of, Haiti's first social- security legislation. Required fields are marked *. For about half a century, the Caribbean nation has struggled to overcome the problems of poverty and inequality. The main reason for this difference in viewpoints of nationalisms come from the fact that one group lived as slaves, and the other did not.[when? The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs, manages this site as a portal for information from the U.S. State Department. By the 1780s, Saint-Domingue produced about 40 percent of all the sugar and 60 percent of all the coffee consumed in Europe. First-generation gens de couleur were typically the offspring of a male, French slaveowner, and an African slave chosen as a concubine. [65] Duvalier employed rape as a political tool to silence political opposition. In 1849, taking advantage of his popularity, President Faustin Soulouque proclaimed himself Emperor Faustin I. When Haiti declared its independence from France on January 1, 1804, after a 13-year campaign led by military leader General Toussaint Louverture, it became the first modern state to abolish slavery, the first state in the world to be formed from a successful revolt of the lower classes (in this case slaves), and the second republic in the Western Hemisphere, only twenty-eight years behind the United States, according to an account. Columbus continued east and founded a new settlement at La Isabela on the territory of the present-day Dominican Republic in 1493. Politicians, labor leaders, and their followers flocked to the streets in May 1956 to protest Magloire's failure to step down. An estimated 30,000 Haitians were killed by his government. [104] He was inaugurated on the grounds where the national palace had been on 7 February 2017. Freedom from France in 1804 did not mean an end to foreign powers intervening in Haiti. Some 2,000 Frenchmen were massacred at Cap-Franais, 900 in Port-au-Prince, and 400 at Jrmie. [47] For the elite leaders of Haiti, maintaining a strong military to ward off either the French or other colonial powers and ensure independence would secure a free state. When faced with the question of what the United States should do about the French colony of St. Domingue, Jefferson favored offering limited aid to suppress the revolt, but also suggested that the slaveowners should aim for a compromise similar to that Jamaican slaveholders made with communities of escaped slaves in 1739. The rainy season brought yellow fever and malaria, which took a heavy toll on the invaders. The November 1987 elections were cancelled after troops massacred 30300 voters on election day. On Dec. 26, 1991, the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist; the Russian Federation (as the RSFSR came to be called) was duly recognized by the international community as the successor state to the USSR. Treaty of San Lorenzo/ Pinckneys Treaty. Although, strictly speaking, he did not establish slavery, he imposed a semi-feudal system, fumage, in which every able man was required to work in plantations (similar to Spanish latifundios) to produce goods for the fledgling country. Five remarkable facts about Emmet Tills mother, Mamie Till-Mobley, you should know, Big Bill Tate, the heavyweight boxer who used the rings to get jobs for 2,600 black workers, Attah Ameh Oboni, the Nigerian ruler who refused to shake the hand of the Queen of England because of his throne, Discovering Cape Towns gastronomic scene: 7 restaurants to try on your next visit, 24-yr-old makes headlines for marrying white man 61 yrs her senior. Since an oil terminal that supplies the capital and all of northern Haiti is located in Cite Soleil, the clashes have had a devastating effect on the regions economy. In 1605, Spain was infuriated that Spanish settlements on the northern and western coasts of the island persisted in carrying out large-scale and illegal trade with the Dutch, who were at that time fighting a war of independence against Spain in Europe, and the English, a very recent enemy state, and so decided to forcibly resettle their inhabitants closer to the city of Santo Domingo. Bird, the Black Man or Haytian Independence (New York: Published by Author, 1869), 220. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSchmidt1971 (. The elections were won by Ren Prval, who had a strong following among the poor, with 51% of the votes. Center for the Study of Human Rights, United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau, the remaining French were slaughtered by Haitian military forces, Bolvar's fight for Venezuelan independence, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, United Nations Security Council Resolution 940, November presidential and senatorial elections, history of interrupting democratic processes, "A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean", David Moshman (2007) Us and Them: Identity and Genocide, Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7:2, p. 125, DOI: 10.1080/15283480701326034, "Slavery,Slavery History and American Slavery", "The 1805 Constitution of Haiti, May 20, 1805. policy. This action precipitated student strikes and protests by government workers, teachers, and shopkeepers in the capital and provincial cities. One of the most important consequences ofperestroikawas the explosive growth in separatist sentiment in the republics of the Soviet Union. The bad news was James in Imperial Britain(Duke University Press, 2014), editor ofToussaint Louverture, Jamess 1934 play, andWorld Revolution, 1917-1936,Jamess 1937 history of the Communist Internationaland co-editor ofThe Black Jacobins Reader(Duke University Press, 2017). The Constitution of 1867 saw peaceful and progressive transitions in government that did much to improve the economy and stability of the Haitian nation and the condition of its people. So, to say that there was a Ukrainian nation in 1000 CE is an anachronism. When Haiti announced that its first direct elections (all men twenty-one or over were allowed to vote) would be held on 8 October 1950, Magloire resigned from the junta and declared himself a candidate for president. Get the week's best stories straight to your inbox. As a result, only Vatican City and 13 of the 193 UN countries recognize Taiwan as of 2022. "[90] It also suggested a "disturbing pattern. 2006. [59] However, efforts to develop commercial agriculture had limited success, in part because much of Haiti's labor force was employed at seasonal work in the more established sugar industries of Cuba and the Dominican Republic. The rebellion then began to spread, and Cap-Hatien, Haiti's second-largest city, was captured. Department of State, U.S. On 20 May 1802, Napoleon signed a law to maintain slavery where it had not yet disappeared, namely Martinique, Tobago, and Saint Lucia. In 1971, Papa Doc entered into a 99-year contract with Don Pierson representing Dupont Caribbean Inc. of Texas for a free port project on the old buccaneer stronghold of Tortuga island located some 10 miles (16km) off the north coast of the main Haitian island of Hispaniola. France would not recognize Haiti's independence until 1825, and the U.S. did not establish It saw the Haitian Revolution as a threat to its economic interests. They also sought to limit Moscows access to EU capital and financial markets. In this way he accomplished the unity of the island, which was only carried out for a short period of time by Toussaint Louverture in 1801. The fighting and ensuing fire Boyer attempted to enforce production through the Code Rural, enacted in 1826, but peasant freeholders, mostly former revolutionary soldiers, had no intention of returning to the forced labor they fought to escape. [108], On 7 July 2021 President Mose was assassinated. In Russias case, the historic tasks of the revolution were articulated by the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet in October 1917: immediate proposals for a democratic peace, abolition of landlord property rights over the land, workers control over production, creation of a soviet government, all in a sense achieved by Lenin and the Bolsheviks. The refugees became involved in migr politics, hoping to influence U.S. foreign policy. Indeed, the bold Haitian rebels were, James insisted, revolutionaries through and throughown brothers of the Cordeliers in Paris and the Vyborg workers in Petrograd. All told 90% want Ukraine to stay independent, and nearly 80% are optimistic about its future. Webhow long does cyst removal surgery take to heal. population campaigned for civil rights. home. Throwback Thursday: Beat Iowa State Edition, brief overview of the American political perspectives on the Haitian Revolution, prohibits This innocent boy named LeGend was declared M.B. It was in the arena of corruption, however, that Magloire overstepped traditional bounds. In June of 2020, a four-year-old boy, LeGend Taliferro, went to bed in his fathers Kansas City, Missouri apartment, and was brutally shot in the early morning hours the next day. Between 1764 and 1771, the average importation of slaves varied between 10,000 and 15,000, by 1786 about 28,000, and, from 1787 onward, the colony received more than 40,000 slaves a year. The coup created a large-scale exodus of refugees to the United States. Many survivors were treated for injuries in emergency makeshift hospitals, but many more died of gangrene, malnutrition, and infectious diseases. Stacey Wiens From 1824 to 1826, while the island was under one government, Boyer promoted the largest single free-Black immigration from the United States in which more than 6,000 immigrants settled in different parts of the island[citation needed]. Louverture acquiesced in Jean-Franois and Biassous attempt at a compromise, but confronted with the utter intransigence of the planter class, James noted that then and only then did Louverture come to an unalterable decision from which he never wavered and for which he died. Webhow long does cyst removal surgery take to heal. Occurring in the aftermath of the Haitian Revolution, he hailed this benevolent decree which has broken the odious chains of our brothers the blacks. The U.S. government was pressured by these Southern plantation owners to not recognize Haitis independence. As Louverture put it in August 1793, we will obtain another freedom, different from the one you tyrants want to impose on us. Despite the efforts of anti-slavery senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, the United States did not recognize the independence of Haiti until 1862. The Assembly set 16 August 1946, as the date on which it would select a president. WebThe Haitian Declaration of Independence was proclaimed on 1 January 1804 in the port city of Gonaves by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, marking the end of 13-year long Haitian By 1918, more than 470 miles (760km) of road had been built or repaired through the corve system, including a road linking Port-au-Prince to Cap-Hatien. In 1726, the city of Les Cayes was founded on the Southern coast; it became the biggest settlement in the south. The validity of the Electoral Council's post-ballot calculations of whether a majority had been attained was disputed. After Bonaparte became First Consul, he sent an army to try and restore slavery in Saint-Domingue, something the Jacobins would have never considered attempting. The Haitian revolution came to North American shores in the form of a refugee crisis. Toussaint L'Ouverture holds a printed copy of the Haitian Constitution of Duvalier's policies, designed to end the dominance of the mulatto elite over the nation's economic and political life, led to massive emigration of educated people, deepening Haiti's economic and social problems. Haitis status as a sovereign, independent nation. The Inuit people are a group of indigenous people who have traditionally lived in many parts of the Arctic. When news of the slave revolt broke out, American leaders rushed to provide 1837 brunswick rifle The Dutch responded by sourcing new salt supplies from Spanish America, where colonists were more-than-happy to trade. Although he was reputed to have received support from commanders of the Garde, Estim was a civilian. The 1842 Cap-Hatien earthquake destroyed the city, and the Sans-Souci Palace, killing 10,000 people. James (1901-1989), author of the classic history of the Haitian Revolution, The Black Jacobins (1938). It is estimated that around 500 of the 5,280 Poles chose this option. And even though the U.S. refused to diplomatically recognize Haiti, it is documented that it continued to trade with the new nation, on terms that were unfavorable to the latter. On January 1, 1804, the nation of Haiti was born and thus began a new demonic tyranny . In Ption's south, the gens de couleur minority led the government and feared losing popular support, and thus, they reduced class tensions by land redistribution. However, the socialist tradition of internationalism was arguably first born when one of the worlds very first modern socialists, Gracchus Babeuf, representative of an emerging embryonic working class movement, supported the Jacobin-controlled National Conventions decision to abolish slavery across the French empire on 4 February 1794 (16 Pluvise an II). Ption also had the fewest internal military skirmishes, despite his continuous conflicts with Christophe's northern kingdom. Not only with Ukraineas a regime and not with the people (hence the demand for political denazification put forward initially), but The Security Council passed a resolution the same day "[t]aking note of the resignation of Jean-Bertrand Aristide as President of Haiti and the swearing-in of President Boniface Alexandre as the acting President of Haiti in accordance with the Constitution of Haiti" and authorized such a mission. The US retained control of Haiti's external finances until 1947. [82], Political organizations and writers, as well as Aristide himself, have suggested that the rebellion was in fact a foreign controlled coup d'tat. This second task ultimately proved beyond Lenin and the Bolsheviks. Though Bonapartes army was ultimately destroyed in Saint-Domingue, it did successfully capture Louverture, imprisoning him in France where he died in 1803. The meeting of Russias Security Council came as the leaders of the separatist republics appealed to Moscow to recognize their independence. As James wrote poignantly in The Black Jacobins, if Louverture failed, it is for the same reason that the Russian socialist revolution failed, even after all its achievements the defeat of the revolution in Europe. In 1974, Baby Doc expropriated the Freeport Tortuga project and this caused the venture to collapse. Russia, in turn, accused Ukraine of trying to reclaim the rebel-held territories by force, a claim that Kyiv strongly rejected. These concerns were in The Garde was a national organization;[63] it departed from the regionalism that had characterized most of Haiti's previous armies. Some authors wrote that the barbarism of Africa must be expelled, while maintaining African roots.[49]. On this day in 1822, Haiti became the first country to recognize Greece's independence from the Ottoman Empire and the Greek people's right to self The debt to France was finally repaid in 1879, and Michel Domingue's government peacefully transferred power to Lysius Salomon, one of Haiti's abler leaders. Some disliked him for his vulgar language and risque past which didn't seem to completely go away upon taking presidency. In order to finance the debt, the Haitian government was forced to take numerous high-interest loans from foreign creditors, and the debt to France was not fully paid until 1947.[39][40][41]. From 1911 to 1915, there were six different presidents, each of whom was killed or forced into exile. [citation needed], The Great Depression decimated[citation needed] the prices of Haiti's exports and destroyed the tenuous gains of the previous decade. [63], The power balance within the junta shifted between 1946 and 1950. In September and October, emancipation was extended throughout the colony. However, Haiti continued to export coffee, which required little cultivation and grew semi-wild. By 1789, they owned one third of the plantation property and one quarter of the slaves of Saint-Domingue. Duvalier's paramilitary police, officially the Volunteers for National Security (Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale VSN) but more commonly known as the Tonton Macoutes, named for a Vodou monster, carried out political murders, beatings, and intimidation. Around 600 AD, the Tano, an Arawak culture, arrived on the island, displacing the previous inhabitants, however this view is widely disputed. This situation was complicated by the Quasi-War with Through the struggle, the Haitian people ultimately won independence from France and thereby became the first country to be founded by former slaves. Life Below Zero: Next Generation Chris Morse Injury Update, Your email address will not be published. Young Lawyers programme (open to all young lawyers under 40) 10.00 - 11 .00 : Session 1 : 9.00 - 9.20 : Introduction and President's Welcome: 11.00 - 11.15 Afterward, Leclerc was replaced by Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau. In addition, Lescot's mulatto-dominated rule had alienated the predominantly black Garde. Though it won independence from France in 1804, Money that could have gone toward erecting a country was channeled to France, Daut said. He was also concerned that L'Ouverture would choose to pursue a policy of state-supported piracy like that of the Barbary States. [69] Jimmy Carter later wrote that "Citizens who lined up to vote were mowed down by fusillades of terrorists' bullets. and, later in the revolution, providing support to Toussaint LOuvertures Russian President Vladimir Putin, right, signs a document recognizing the independence of separatist regions in eastern Ukraine in the Kremlin in Moscow, Russia, Monday, Feb. 21, 2022. They must choose one or the other. On 7 July 2018 protests led by opposition politician Jean-Charles Mose began, demanding the resignation of Jovenel Mose. A vodou ceremony at Bois Caman (Alligator Woods) near Cap-Franais on 14 August 1791, presided over by a houngan (Vodou priest) named Dutty Boukman, is traditionally considered to mark the beginning of the Haitian Revolution. This store offers a wide variety of products that are made by reputable brands. [96] Protests and demonstrations by Fanmi Lavalas continued in 2009. 3 (2017), 343. WebAfter 300 years of colonial rule, the new nation of Haiti was declared an independent republic. Chandan Khanna/AFP via Getty Images, FILE. harbor. 141143, 200. What was Toussaint Louvertures role in the Haitian Revolution? However, Duvalier appealed to the black middle class of which he was a member by introducing public works into middle-class neighborhoods that previously had been unable to have paved roads, running water, or modern sewage systems. All three understood Haiti's traditional way of exercising power, but they lacked a thorough understanding of what would be required to make the transition to an elected civilian government. During the period of the so-called Tatar-Mongol yoke, the strongest of the Russian principalities fought amongst themselves to gain the upper hand in the Russian lands. It might be argued that the critical sociological differences between the slave society of eighteenth-century French colonial Saint-Domingue on a tiny island in the Caribbean with a population of some 500,000 people and twentieth century Tsarist Russia a sprawling empire of some 150 million souls were so vast as to negate any value that might come from making any such comparison. One political thinker and historian who did always try to make connections between the Haitian Revolution and the Russian Revolution was the late, great black Trinidadian Marxist C.L.R. Under President Thomas Jefferson's presidency, the United States cut off aid to L'Ouverture and instead pursued a policy to isolate Haiti, fearing that the Haitian revolution would spread to the United States. The enormous death toll made it necessary to bury the dead in mass graves. As he sent General Dessalines against Grand and Petit Gove and General Christophe against the mulatto stronghold of Jacmel, American warships bombarded mulatto fortifications and destroyed Rigaud's transport barges. The United States did not even recognize Haiti as a sovereign nation until 1862. As hopeful as the Haitians, many Poles were seeking union amongst themselves to win back their homeland. As the French were intent on reconquest and re-enslavement of the colony's black population, the war became a bloody struggle of atrocity and attrition. The revolution took place amidst the age of bourgeois-democratic revolution and was central to the wider transition from the old feudal order to the new world of global capitalism then underway. The conspirators ambushed him north of Port-au-Prince at Pont Larnage (now known as Pont-Rouge) on 17 October 1806 en route to battle rebels to his regime. The so-called independence debt was reduced to 90 million francs, and in 1838, another warship returned to France with Haitis second payment, which swallowed Like most websites, we use cookies to improve our service and make your user experience better. Protesters have also expressed concerns about a referendum proposed by Mose, which would reportedly scrap the ban on consecutive presidential terms and enable Mose to run again. However, the socialist tradition of internationalism was arguably first born when one of the worlds very first modern socialists, Gracchus Babeuf, representative of an emerging embryonic working class movement, supported the Jacobin-controlled National Conventions decision to abolish slavery across the French empire on 4 February 1794 (16 Pluvise an II). A passage from Henri Christophe's personal secretary, who lived more than half his life as a slave, describes the crimes perpetrated against the slaves of Saint-Domingue by their French masters: Have they not hung up men with heads downward, drowned them in sacks, crucified them on planks, buried them alive, crushed them in mortars? Russias President Vladimir Putin, right, signed decrees recognizing the independence of the Donetsk and Lugansk Peoples Republics on February 21, 2022. Though it won independence from France in 1804, These refugees Toussaint L'Ouverture holds a printed copy of the Haitian Constitution of Jan 12, 2018. Three provisional presidents held office during this interval; one resigned and the army deposed the other two, Franck Sylvain and Fignol. Though the Haitian Revolution is not considered in the same light as the American or French Revolution, fortunately, lack of recognition has no affect on its historical significance. In the south, the British suffered a series of defeats at the hands of the mulatto General Andr Rigaud. Weblawry's beverly hills dress code; does google maps avoid bus lanes; list the 17 enlisted man of the coup of 1980 with it position; why is everybody always pickin' on me oldie If it is well known today, for example, that striking women textile workers in Petrograd on International Womens Day sparked the February Revolution in Russia, less well appreciated is the Vodou priestess Ccile Fatiman who at Bois Caman helped inspire the insurrection of August 1791, or the subsequent critical role played by women in the Haitian Revolution as both fighters in their own right (evidenced for example the remarkable figure of Sanit Blair who by age twenty had risen to become a lieutenant in Louvertures armies) and sources of intelligence during intense guerrilla warfare. However, in the aftermath of the 1905 Revolution the Tsar was forced to concede the Duma assembly (parliament) and in a much more meaningful sense under the Provisional Government which was formed after February Revolution of 1917, reformism as a current had some space to grow and develop even if establishing a sustainable liberal parliament proved an impossibility. Dominican Republic in 1493 August 1946, as the date on which it select... Him in France where he died in 1803 Electoral Council 's post-ballot calculations of whether majority... Be expelled, while maintaining African roots. [ 49 ] the Russians to achieve complete.! The refugees became involved in migr politics, hoping to influence U.S. foreign policy told 90 % want to... Us retained control of Haiti until 1862 pursue a policy of state-supported piracy like that of the.... Involved in migr politics, hoping to influence U.S. foreign policy language and risque which! 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Fanmi Lavalas continued in 2009 in 1000 CE is an anachronism Public Affairs, manages this site a... Army deposed the other two, Franck Sylvain and Fignol signed decrees recognizing the independence of Haiti was declared independent... In 1726, the Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, Oxford UNIVERSITY,! News of the slaves of Saint-Domingue were killed by his government, and infectious diseases 65 Duvalier! In turn, accused Ukraine of trying to reclaim the rebel-held territories force... Email address will not be published the week 's best stories straight to your inbox the November 1987 elections cancelled. `` disturbing pattern, your email address will not be published 30300 voters on election day turn, accused of! That there was a civilian Port-au-Prince, and 400 at Jrmie is an anachronism cyst. Made by reputable brands one of the plantation property and one quarter of the separatist republics appealed to Moscow recognize! 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President Faustin Soulouque proclaimed himself Emperor Faustin I concerned that L'Ouverture would choose to pursue policy!: Next Generation Chris Morse Injury Update, your email address will not be published power balance within junta! Successfully capture Louverture, imprisoning him in France where he died in 1803 10,000 people choose pursue! Flocked to the United States rebel-held territories by force, a claim Kyiv! Were treated for injuries in emergency makeshift hospitals, but many more died of,! And infectious diseases he was also concerned that L'Ouverture would choose to pursue policy... And one quarter of the Haitian Revolution came to North American shores in the of... For injuries in emergency makeshift hospitals, but many more died of gangrene, malnutrition, and the Sans-Souci,! It also suggested a `` disturbing pattern 's northern kingdom leaders rushed to provide support for the whites of Domingue... 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